陕西一次槽前强对流风暴的诊断分析

对1995年8月5日发生在陕西中部一次槽前强对流风暴过程进行了诊断分析,结果表明:此次影响500 hPa槽前强对流风暴发生的重要条件之一不是中层干空气(干暖盖),而是低层有干空气侵入雷暴区。在中层水汽条件比较好的情况下,低层水汽通量由大变小是暴雨天气向强对流风暴天气转化的主要因素。     

Impact of the Thermal State of the Tropical Western Pacific on Onset Date and Process of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon

Since the early or late onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon （SCSM） has a large impact on summer monsoon rainfall in East Asia, the mechanism and process of early or late onset of the SCSM are an worthy issue to study. In this paper, the results analyzed by using the observed data show that the onset date and process of the SCSM are closely associated with the thermal state of the tropical western Pacific in spring. When the tropical western Pacific is in a warming state in spring, the western Pacific subtropical high shifts eastward, and twin cyclones are early caused over the Bay of Bengal and Sumatra before the SCSM onset. In this case, the cyclonic circulation located over the Bay of Bengal can be early intensified and become into a strong trough. Thus, the westerly flow and convective activity can be intensified over Sumatra, the Indo-China Peninsula and the South China Sea （SCS） in mid-May. This leads to early onset of the SCSM. In contrast, when the tropical western Pacific is in a cooling state, the western Pacific subtropical high anomalously shifts westward, the twin cyclones located over the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean and Sumatra are weakened, and the twin anomaly anticyclones appear over these regions from late April to mid-May. Thus, the westerly flow and convective activity cannot be early intensified over the Indo-China Peninsula and the SCS. Only when the western Pacific subtropical high moves eastward, the weak trough located over the Bay of Bengal can be intensified and become into a strong trough, the strong southwesterly wind and convective activity can be intensified over the Indo-China Peninsula and the SCS in late May. Thus, this leads to late onset of the SCSM. Moreover, in this paper, the influencing mechanism of the thermal state of the tropical western Pacific on the SCSM onset is discussed further from the Walker circulation anomalies in the different thermal states of the tropical western Pacific.     

模式探空的评估分析及其在强对流天气预报中的应用研究

分析华南地区强对流天气高发季节(4～5月)的模式探空与实际观测的比较结果.从模式探空的直接评估分析中发现,地面和较高层次的预报要素误差比较大,而中间层次误差比较小,在比较多个观测站和实时预报误差分析的基础上初步探讨其可能的原因.在不稳定度指数评估分析中发现,仅考虑中间层次要素的不稳定度指数性能比较稳定,而考虑地面要素的一些不稳定度指数则有可能比较敏感,在用地面观测订正后其质量有很大的提高.在强对流天气个例的应用研究中,认为逐时预报的模式探空有非常好的应用价值,以订正的对流有效位能指数为例进行了一些分析,表     

基于地面雨滴谱资料分析层状云和对流云降水的特征

根据由声雨滴谱仪器测量得到的雨滴谱资料,结合降水云的结构来将降水云系划分成为对流云降水云系和层状云降水云系.分析这两种降水云系中的稳定雨滴谱特征,包括雨滴谱的各种特征直径(平均直径Dm、众数直径Dd、平均体积直径Dv、优势直径Dp、中数直径Dna和中数体积直径Dn)、峰值结构和Z-R关系等.通过对这些量的分析,进一步分析划分降水云系的判据.     

北京强雷暴的地闪活动与雷达回波和降水的关系

对2000-2001年发生在北京地区的8次天气过程进行了闪电与降水特征的统计分析，并针对两类典型暴雨和冰雹天气进行了详细的雷达、闪电特征分析。结果表明：降雨和降雹天气的地闪特性具有明显差异。降雹天气的正闪比例较大，特别在降雹前正闪频数增加剧烈。闪电通常发生在45dBZ以上的回波区，比目前“闪电在中纬度通常发生在30～45dBZ”等其他一些研究结果偏高。     

2003年一次梅雨大暴雨成因的动力学研究

运用中尺度非静力模式MN5对2003年梅雨期一次大暴雨天气进行数值模拟，在降雨模拟基本正确的基础上分析暴雨发生原因。结果表明：该次梅雨大暴雨属于切变类暴雨，对流层低层有能量锋区、高层有惯性不稳定活动，暴雨区位于低空急流的左前方、高空急流的右前方。暴雨中心物理量要素的时间一高度演变显示：低层正涡度、辐合，高层负涡度、辐散，深厚的上升运动，等相当位温线抬升，湿位涡及其正、斜压分量3者负值加大均有利于降雨加强；暴雨减弱阶段，这些要素一般向相反方向转变。该次大暴雨的直接影响系统具有明显的中尺度时、空特点，大暴雨的发生与高层惯性不稳定和低层对流不稳定有关。     

一次罕见冰雹天气的多普勒雷达回波分析

运用多普勒雷达的基本反射率(R)、风暴相对径向速度(SRM)、垂直积分液态含水量(VIL)等产品,分析了2004年6月20日华北南部罕见的冰雹大风天气过程。结果表明:这次冰雹大风天气过程主要是由超级单体回波中的中尺度气旋引起的;该过程持续时间比较长的原因是“指状”回波和超级单体回波的依次发生、发展。     

微物理过程分档处理的三维对流云模式研究

在三维完全弹性冰雹云参数化模式动力框架和二维面对称分档模式(微物理过程分档处理)的基础上,建立粒子全分档的三维对流云分档模式.利用建立的分档模式对2000年6月29日美国堪萨斯州的一次超级单体风暴进行了模拟,并将模拟结果与三维冰雹云参数化模式的模拟结果作了对比.结果表明:分档模式可以较好地模拟出强对流云中两支上升气流,模拟得到的最大上升气流速度大于参数化模式;分档模式模拟得到的雷达回波强度、顶高和回波宽度更接近实测.     

CFD simulation of airflow over a regular array of cubes. Part II: analysis of spatial average properties

In the first part of this study, results of a computational fluid dynamics simulation over an array of cubes have been validated against a set of wind-tunnel measurements. In Part II, such numerical results are used to investigate spatially-averaged properties of the flow and passive tracer dispersion that are of interest for high resolution urban mesoscale modelling (e.g. non resolved obstacle approaches). The results show that vertical profiles of mean horizontal wind are linear within the canopy and logarithmic above. The drag coefficient, derived from the numerical results using the classical formula for the drag force, is height dependent (it decreases with height). However, a modification of the formula is proposed (accounting for subgrid velocity scales) that makes the drag coefficient constant with height. Results also show that the dispersive fluxes are similar in magnitude to the turbulent fluxes, and that they play a very important role within the canopy. Vertical profiles of turbulent length scales (to be used in k–l closure schemes, where k is the turbulent kinetic energy and l a turbulent length scale) are also derived. Finally the distribution of the values around the mean over the reference volumes are analysed for wind and tracer concentrations.     

A radar-based verification of precipitation forecast for local convective storms

Local flash flood storms with a rapid hydrological response are a real challenge for quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF). It is relevant to assess space domains, to which the QPF approaches are applicable. In this paper an attempt is made to evaluate the forecasting capability of a high-resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) model by means of area-related QPF verification. The results presented concern two local convective events, which occurred in the Czech Republic (CR) on 13 and 15 July 2002 and caused local flash floods. We used the LM COSMO model (Lokall Model of the COSMO consortium) adapted to the horizontal resolution of 2.8 km over a model domain covering the CR. The 18 h forecast of convective precipitation was verified by using radar rainfall totals adjusted to the measured rain gauge data. The grid point-related root mean square error (RMSE) value was calculated over a square around the grid point under the assumption that rainfall values were randomly distributed within the square. The forecast accuracy was characterized by the mean RMSE over the whole verification domain. We attempt to show a dependence of both the RMSE field and the mean RMSE on the square size. The importance of a suitable merger between the radar and rain gauge datasets is demonstrated by a comparison between the verification results obtained with and without the gauge adjustment. The application of verification procedure demonstrates uncertainties in the precipitation forecasts. The model was integrated with initial conditions shifted by 0.5° distances. The four verifications, corresponding to the shifts in the four directions, show differences in the resulting QPF, which depend on the size of verification area and on the direction of the shift.